Journal of Imaging Science for Diagnosis
Journal of Imaging Science for Diagnosis (formerly known as SJ Medical Imaging and Radiography) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to advancing research and practice in diagnostic imaging. The journal publishes high-quality original research, reviews, case studies, and technological innovations across all imaging modalities, including radiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, nuclear medicine, and emerging imaging technologies. The journal has Print ISSN: 3135-226X | Online ISSN: 3135-2278 Published jointly by SJC Publishers and Ernest Cook University, the journal provides a platform for scientists, clinicians, and technologists to share discoveries that improve diagnostic accuracy, enhance patient care, and foster innovation in medical imaging. Emphasizing evidence-based practices, technological advancements, and translational research, the journal supports the global exchange of knowledge in imaging science. Key Features: International, peer-reviewed, and open-access Covers all imaging modalities and diagnostic techniques Welcomes interdisciplinary research bridging clinical practice, imaging science, and technology Supports rapid dissemination of high-quality research to a global audience The journal aims to be a leading reference for researchers, radiologists, and healthcare professionals seeking cutting-edge developments in diagnostic imaging and radiological science.
Appropriateness of lumbar spine x-rays performed among children and young adults at Mengo Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: There is limited information regarding the appropriateness levels for Lumbar spine X-rays (LSX) imaging among children (2-17 years) and young adults (18-35 years) with non-traumatic Lower back pain (LBP) in Ugandan Hospitals. Objective: To describe the appropriateness and findings of LSX imaging among children and young adults with non-traumatic LBP at Mengo Hospital Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study of 294 records that belonged to children and young adults. The LSX images were re-interpreted for findings. The disagreement in the interpretation was resolved by providing the same image to a more experienced Radiologist whose interpretation was used as a decision. The investigator relied on the American College of Radiology (ACR) appropriateness criteria for LBP imaging as a reference for determining appropriateness level for LSX imaging. Results: The 51.7% of the records belonged to females. The 31% of the patients’ requests lacked information on the duration of LBP, radiculopathy, and red flag signs. The 65.7% of the LSX examinations were regarded as usually not appropriate, 3.7% were regarded; may be appropriate, and the rest had inadequate information to be judged for appropriateness level. The 65% of all patients had abnormal radiographic findings, with the commonest abnormal radiographic finding being lumbar straightening. Conclusion: About two-thirds of the LSX examinations performed among children and young adults with non-traumatic LBP at Mengo Hospital were deemed inappropriate. LSX findings of serious underlying pathologies were very rare among Children and young adults. Recommendation: Lumbar spine x-rays are not necessary in the majority of children and young adults with non-traumatic LBP at Mengo Hospital.
Copyright (c) 2026 Loise Wairimu Ngurumi, Harriet Kisembo, Alen Musisi, Denish Odong, Namanda Justine, Margaret Mbabazi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effectiveness of physiotherapy guided mobilisation on mobility and pain post cesearian section at kiboga hospital. A pre-post intervention study
Background: Caesarean section (C-section) delivery is associated with postoperative pain and mobility limitations, which can hinder maternal recovery and prolong hospital stays. Physiotherapy-guided mobilization has been shown to facilitate early recovery, reduce pain, and enhance functional independence. However, limited data exist on its effectiveness in resource-limited settings such as Uganda. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of physiotherapy-guided mobilization in improving mobility and reducing pain among post-caesarean section mothers at Kiboga Hospital Methods: A pre-post-test study design was conducted among mothers who underwent caesarean delivery at Kiboga Hospital. A total of 60 participants were recruited using purposive sampling. Baseline assessments included pain levels (measured using the Visual Analog Scale) and mobility levels (measured using the Timed Up and Go test). The physiotherapy interventions included structured mobilization exercises tailored to individual needs, implemented within the first 24 hours postoperatively and continued for 7 days. Post-intervention assessments were conducted to evaluate changes in pain and mobility scores. Data was analyzed using paired t-tests to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. Results: A total of 60 mothers were assessed in the study. Almost half (45%) of the mothers were aged 18- 25 years, and only 3.33% were above 45 years. This study shows that the average pain score on the visual analogue (VAS) scale among pregnant mothers significantly decreased from 8.2 to 3.6. Additionally, there was a significant (p-value <0.05) reduction in the average time taken by mothers to move from Conclusion: The study revealed that physiotherapy-guided mobilization is an effective intervention for enhancing mobility and reducing pain in post-cesarean mothers at Kiboga Hospital. Hospitals should institutionalize routine physiotherapy-led early mobilization programs for all post-cesarean patients to enhance maternal recovery outcomes and overall quality of postnatal care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Solomon Kevin Buwembo, Donnah Driciru, Richard Malumba, Victoria Nakalanzi, Alen Musisi, Rosta Asiimwe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Pituitary mass with cerebrospinal fluid seeding: A rare presentation of probable pituitary carcinoma: A case report.
Introduction: Pituitary carcinomas (PCs) are exceptionally rare neoplasms (0.1–0.2% of pituitary tumors), defined by metastatic spread and typically diagnosed in older adults. Presentation in adolescence is extraordinarily uncommon, and radiological evidence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dissemination before histopathological confirmation is even rarer. Case Presentation: This case report discusses a 15-year-old female with hyperprolactinemia and progressive visual blurring. Contrast-enhanced MRI revealed a large (35 × 17 × 20 mm) hour-glass-shaped sellar mass with suprasellar extension, bilateral internal carotid artery encasement, and multiple enhancing nodular deposits in the ambient cisterns, findings consistent with a locally aggressive pituitary neoplasm and probable CSF dissemination. Conclusion: This case illustrates that pituitary carcinoma, though rare, should be considered in adolescents when MRI demonstrates aggressive features such as arterial encasement and leptomeningeal nodules. Early recognition of these imaging red flags is critical to expedite histopathological diagnosis and initiate multidisciplinary management. Take Away Lessons: (i) Hour-glass morphology and carotid encasement in a pediatric pituitary mass warrant suspicion for malignancy; (ii) Nodular CSF deposits in the ambient cisterns are highly suggestive of metastatic dissemination; (iii) MRI provides non-invasive clues that can guide timely biopsy and targeted therapy; (iv) Multidisplinary approach including counselling is required to thwart and or demisify cultral beliefs that may be a barrier to early diagnosis and treatment.
Copyright (c) 2026 AMPURIIRE NYAKUBAHO, (M.D.), KAWOOYA G MICHAEL (Prof) (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Beyond cyanosis: paradoxical cerebral embolism in a pediatric patient with Ebstein's anomaly: A case report.
Introduction: Ebstein's anomaly is a rare congenital heart disease characterized by apical displacement of the tricuspid valve leaflets, accounting for approximately 0.5% of congenital cardiac defects. Associated intracardiac shunts may create a pathway for paradoxical embolism, an infrequently documented cause of arterial ischemia, particularly cerebral infarction. Case Presentation: This case report documents a 3-year, 7-month-old female with no significant prior history who presented with acute-onset seizures and right-sided spastic hemiparesis. Echocardiography confirmed Ebstein's anomaly with severe tricuspid regurgitation, atrialization of the right ventricle, and a ventricular septal defect. Brain CT demonstrated multiple infarcts within the left middle cerebral artery territory. In the absence of other embolic sources, paradoxical embolism through a right-to-left shunt was deemed the causative mechanism. Conclusion: Symptomatic paradoxical embolism is exceedingly rare in early childhood and may represent the initial manifestation of undiagnosed congenital heart disease. This case highlights the critical role of echocardiography in identifying the underlying cardiac anomaly and emphasizes the importance of considering paradoxical embolism in young patients presenting with cryptogenic stroke. Take-away lessons: Echocardiography is indispensable in pediatric cryptogenic stroke to exclude right-to-left shunts. Paradoxical embolism should be considered even in the absence of clinically evident venous thrombosis. Early recognition of structural heart disease in acute neurological presentations can prevent recurrent embolic events.
Copyright (c) 2026 MWANIKHA FRED, (M.D.), AMPURIIRE NYAKUBAHO, (M.D.), KISEMBO HARRIET, (M.D. , PhD) (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Radiation safety knowledge and attitudes among female medical students at college of health sciences, Makerere University: A cross-sectional study.
Background: Ionizing radiation is essential in modern medical practice but carries risks such as cancer and other stochastic effects when used inappropriately. Although international bodies like the ICRP emphasize structured radiation protection (RP) training, several studies report persistent knowledge gaps among healthcare workers (HCWs) and students. Limited research has explored RP knowledge among female medical trainees, despite their heightened biological susceptibility to radiation. Objective: This study assessed RP knowledge and attitudes among undergraduate female medical students at the College of Health Sciences, Makerere University. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted among 208 female undergraduate students. Data were collected using a structured, self-administered electronic questionnaire distributed via KoboToolbox. The tool assessed demographic characteristics, RP knowledge, and attitudes. Knowledge scores were categorized based on Bloom’s cut-off points, while attitudes were rated on a five-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics were performed using STATA version 16. Results: Most participants (89.9%) were aged 19–24 years, with a mean age of 22.4 years. Overall, 50% demonstrated moderate RP knowledge, 44.23% had low knowledge, and only 5.77% scored within the high-knowledge range. Significant gaps were noted in understanding age- and sex-related radiosensitivity, key RP principles, and the identification of professionals most likely to be exposed. Despite these gaps, attitudes toward radiation safety were positive, with an overall mean score of 4.25. Most participants acknowledged the importance of RP protocols and expressed willingness to engage in radiation safety programs. Conclusion: Although female medical students showed strong positive attitudes toward radiation protection, substantial knowledge deficits persist. Strengthening RP training through integrated curricula, practical demonstrations, and continuous educational programs is essential to enhance preparedness for safe clinical practice and minimize unnecessary radiation exposure. Recommendation: RP training should be integrated across all relevant undergraduate programs and strengthened with practical hands-on demonstrations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Patience Neumbe, Richard Malumba, Victoria Nakalanzi, Alen Musisi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Radiation protection knowledge, attitudes, and practices among radiology managers in Kampala Central Division: A cross-sectional study.
Background: Medical applications account for nearly all human-made sources of ionizing radiation exposure, making radiation protection (RP) essential for safeguarding patients and healthcare workers (HCWs). Radiology managers are central to ensuring compliance with safety standards, promoting a positive safety culture, and overseeing RP resources. However, their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding radiation safety are insufficiently documented in Uganda. Objective: To assess the RP KAP of radiology managers in medical facilities within Kampala Central Division and generate evidence to strengthen radiation safety systems. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted among radiology managers from all 19 Atomic Energy Council licensed facilities in Kampala Central Division. Data were collected using a structured, self-administered questionnaire adapted from validated tools. Descriptive statistics summarized demographic characteristics and KAP levels. Knowledge was categorized using Bloom’s cut-off points, and attitudes were assessed using a 5-point Likert scale. Associations between demographic characteristics and knowledge levels were examined using the Chi-square test. Results: Nineteen managers participated (73.68% male; mean age 26 years). Knowledge levels were mostly low (47.37%) or moderate (47.37%), with only one participant achieving a high score. Level of education (p = 0.038) and hospital type (p = 0.002) were significantly associated with knowledge. Attitudes toward RP were highly positive, with mean scores above 4.8 on key items. RP practices were generally adequate, including universal availability of AEC regulations and high encouragement of PPE use, although gaps such as inconsistent dosimeter monitoring were noted. Conclusion: Although radiology managers expressed strong attitudes toward RP, their knowledge levels were suboptimal. Strengthening training, promoting continuous professional development, and reinforcing institutional RP systems are essential to improving radiation safety for HCWs and patients. Recommendation: Facilities should implement targeted and continuous training programs, especially through CMEs, for radiology managers to strengthen their knowledge of radiation safety principles.
Copyright (c) 2026 Linda Alioru Nancy, Victoria Nakalanzi, Richard Malumba, Alen Musisi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Knowledge and attitudes towards radiation protection among medical imaging students at Ernest Cook University: A cross-sectional study.
Background: Radiation protection (RP) is vital in radiographic practice to safeguard patients and healthcare workers (HCWs) from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. Medical imaging students are frequently exposed to radiological environments during their training; therefore, their knowledge and attitudes toward RP are critical for promoting safe practice. Objective: This study assessed the knowledge and attitudes toward RP among medical imaging students at Ernest Cook University (ECU) in Uganda. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 224 medical imaging students from September to December 2024. Consecutive sampling was used. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire adapted from validated RP tools. Descriptive statistics summarized demographic characteristics, institutional factors, RP knowledge, and attitudes. Knowledge levels were categorized using Bloom’s cut-off points, while attitudes were assessed on a five-point Likert scale. Chi-square tests examined associations between demographic variables and knowledge levels, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: More than half of the participants were female (52.7%), and most were second-year students (61.6%). Knowledge levels were generally low, with 70.98% scoring below 60% and only 5.8% achieving high knowledge (>80%). Major gaps were noted in identifying highly radiosensitive organs, annual dose limits, and stochastic effects. The academic year was significantly associated with knowledge level (p = 0.015). In contrast, attitudes were strongly positive, with an overall mean attitude score of 4.41. Participants strongly agreed on the importance of lead apron use, restricting access to radiation areas, adhering to safety policies, and consistently wearing dose monitors. Conclusion: Despite positive attitudes, students demonstrated low RP knowledge with notable gaps in essential safety concepts. Recommendation: Strengthening RP training through enhanced curricula, practical demonstrations, and regular CME sessions is recommended.
Copyright (c) 2026 Grace Nakubulwa, Victoria Nakalanzi, Richard Malumba, Alen Musisi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Applicability of PIRADs 2.1 scoring system to screen Prostate Cancer in a Ugandan population, a cross-sectional study.
Background/Objectives: Prostate Cancer (PCa) is highly prevalent in Africa. The Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PIRADS) is used for detecting, staging, standardizing the acquisition, and reporting of BI-Parametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (Bp-MRI). The PIRADS is a “living” document and, through research, should be tested and validated for different healthcare settings. There is hardly any literature on the applicability and accuracy of the PIRADS 2.1 to screen for PCa in sub-Saharan Africa. The study sought to assess the applicability of the PIRADS 2.1 scoring system to screen PCa in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: A retrospective review of imaging requisitions was done, including Bp-MRI, MRI reports, and histology reports, including the Gleason score, at an imaging institution in Uganda. The study assessed the ability of PIRADS alone, PIRADS and prostate specific antigen density (PSAD), PIRADS and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC), and PIRADS, PSAD, and ADC-combination to discriminate a positive histological prostate case. The study used the Area Under the Curve to determine the ability of PIRADS 2.1 to discriminate PCa. Results: The study reviewed 234 patient records, and of these, 99 were aged 65-74 years, and 48.7% were PCa histology-confirmed cases. PIRADS alone had an AUC 0.70, a combination of PIRADS V2.1 and PSAD had an AUC score 0.73, while a combination of PIRADS V2.1, PSAD, and ADC had an AUC 0.72. Conclusions: The accuracy of PIRADS for PCa discrimination is acceptable with an AUC 70%. Predominantly peripheral zone location, together with the low Gleason score and the background changes of chronic prostatitis, may account for the low PIRADS cancer prediction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Professor Michael Kawooya, Richard Malumba, Professor Samuel Kaggwa , Dr. Samson Lubowa K. Kamya, Dr. Henry Musinguzi Dabanja (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The normal reference of bone mineral density ranges for young women age 16 to 30 in central region, Uganda. A cross-sectional study.
Background Osteoporosis is a prevalent skeletal disorder characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk. This study establishes normal reference ranges of bone mineral density for young women aged 16 to 30 in the central region of Uganda. Methods This cross-sectional study used secondary data from the Bone Care Study, the Bone Mineral Density Study, and the Kampala Women's Bone Study. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. The normal reference ranges were established, and they are presented as mean BMD values and standard deviation per age group, with the Shapiro-Wilk test assessing normality and non-parametric methods applied if needed. Comparisons with white women’s NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) BMD standards were done using a one-sample t-test. Results The mean ± SD age was 21.4 ±3.2 years, the mean body mass index (BMI) for all the study participants was 23.4 (3.9), 496 (64.9%) were from KWBS, 227 (29.7%) from the Bone care study, and 41 records (5.4%) from the BMD study. The average (SD) age was 21.4 (3.2) years. 50.3% of the participants were aged 16 to 20. Mean BMD at Lumbar spine (LS), Total hip (TH), Femoral Neck (FN), and whole body (WB) increased with age. BMD values range from 0.932 to 0.980 at LS, 0.953 to 0.989 at the TH, 0.868 to 0.889 at the FN, and 0.937 to 1.020 for the whole body. Conclusion The established BMD for Ugandan women was significantly lower than the current references. The use of inappropriate, non-representative reference values compromises the accuracy of osteoporosis screening. Recommendation The Ministry of Health, in collaboration with relevant professional bodies, should spearhead the development of context-specific clinical guidelines for the assessment, interpretation, and management of low BMD and osteoporosis in Uganda.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andrew Kateregga, Dr Flavia Matovu Kiweewa, Mr Bule Stephen, Ms Victoria Nakalanzi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A case study of bilateral tibial tubercle apophysitis
Background: Tibial tubercle apophysitis, also known as Osgood-Shlatter disease, is a chronic fatigue injury due to repeated microtrauma at the patellar tendon insertion onto the tibial tuberosity. This condition was named after an American surgeon (Robert Osgood) and a Swiss professor of surgery (Carl Shlatter). It occurs early in childhood as the growth plates of the bones have not fused. It rarely persists throughout adulthood and is, in most cases, a unilateral condition. In most children, the condition goes undiagnosed, as few parents and caretakers bother to take their young ones to health centers for diagnosis and treatment. This condition is a common cause of anterior knee pain in the immature athletic population. The commonly associated sports include: basketball, volleyball, sprinting, gymnastics, and football. The condition is suspected in cases of insidious atraumatic pain. Case presentation: A 12-year-old male presented with bilateral leg pain and swelling localized around both knee joints. The symptoms were gradual in onset and were accompanied by a mild decrease in mobility. There was no history of trauma, fever, or systemic symptoms. The patient’s medical history was unremarkable, with no previous orthopedic or systemic illnesses. A bilateral leg x-ray revealed fragmentation of the tibial tubercles bilaterally. The overlying soft tissues were swollen and elevated. Conclusion: This case underscores the importance of considering bilateral tibial apophysitis in children presenting with knee pain and swelling, especially when symptoms are present in both limbs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Micheal Ddumba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluating Cardiothoracic Ratio (CTR) and Its Correlation with Clinical Indications and Body Parameters for Heart Size Assessment in Resource-Limited Settings: A Cross-sectional Study.
Introduction Cardiologists must always determine heart size, which varies with physiological changes. Advanced measurement techniques are costly and often inaccessible to the common man. Measuring the cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) using Chest X-rays (CXR) is a common and more affordable option, but there's a need for even cheaper alternatives. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the relationship between CTR and presenting clinical indications and to relate CTR to the body parameters to find an appropriate relationship that can be utilized in low-resource facilities in determining heart size. Methodology: This cross-sectional study involved 386 patients undergoing CXR at Mulago National Specialized Hospital's radiology department. Data were summarized using frequencies and percentages. Associations between the CTR and independent variables were analyzed using Pearson’s chi-square, Fisher’s exact test, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, simple linear regression, and multivariate regression. Statistical significance was set at a p-value of < 0.05. Results: The median CTR was 0.46, with an interquartile range of 0.42 to 0.50. Female patients had a higher CTR than males. Significant positive correlations were found between CTR and BMI (p < 0.001, correlation 0.21), BSA (p = 0.016, correlation 0.12), and BSI (p < 0.001, correlation 0.19). The relationship between CTR and BSA showed a fair performance as a predictive tool, with sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 29.2%, 86.0%, 63.6%, and 59.0% for males, and 8.3%, 98.1%, 75.0%, and 60.7% for females, respectively. Thus, BSA was considered a relatively better predictor of CTR. Conclusion: BSA shows a moderately good relationship with CTR, while the influence of body habitus on CTR is minimal. Thus, using body parameters to predict CTR should be approached cautiously. Recommendation: We recommend conducting a similar study on a more diverse general population.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alen Musisi, Rebecca Nakatudde, Oliver Namuwonge, Deborah Babirye, Ismail Kintu, Francis Olweny, Richard Malumba, Victoria Nakalanzi, Aloysius Gonzaga Mubuuke (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Advances in medical imaging and implementation challenges in Africa
The adoption of advanced imaging technology in Africa presents challenges, yet promises substantial benefits for healthcare delivery. Despite acknowledging these hurdles, Africa’s slow pace in embracing rapid advancements contrasts with the dynamic trajectory of medical imaging globally. However, with concerted efforts at local and global levels, these challenges are surmountable. Informed policies tailored to local contexts, enhanced health budgets prioritizing medical imaging, comprehensive training programs for skilled workforce, and a focus on research and innovation are vital. Collaboration among international organizations, professional bodies, and stakeholders is essential. Evidence suggests significant healthcare benefits from improving medical imaging in developing countries. By implementing recommended actions, African nations can overcome barriers to acquiring advanced imaging technology, leading to enhanced health service delivery and improved patient outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mr. Alen Musisi, Dr. Harriet Kisembo, Mr. Ahmed Y.A. Mohammed, Mr. Clement Dominic CHAPHUKA, Ms. Audrey Tuturu, Mr. Elly Oking' Okoko, Mr. Ejigu Kebede, Mr. Kangwa Alex Nkonde, Mr. Richard Malumba, Dr. Mark Pokoo-Aikins, Mr. Ramadhan Kasango, Ms. Oliver Namuwonge, Mr. Micheal Kawooya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN UGANDA; THE ROLE OF AN MRI PHYSICIST.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is crucial in contemporary healthcare, underscoring its non-invasive nature and broad applications. One of the essential professionals involved in MRI is an MRI Physicist. MRI Physicists are responsible for ensuring optimal system performance, safety, and quality, encompassing site planning, quality assurance, and patient safety. Noninvolvement of these professionals results in difficulty in addressing system malfunctions, image quality, daily safe operations, and choosing safe technical parameters. This calls for comprehensive/collaborative interventions, including regulatory expansions, policy updates, and increased awareness of these professionals. Collaboration among government agencies, healthcare facilities, and private entities is crucial to overcoming the barriers and ensuring the provision of essential tools and equipment for MRI Physicists. Addressing these issues is a pathway to improving accessibility, quality, and safety in MRI services, ultimately contributing to enhanced healthcare outcomes for the Ugandan population. Therefore, this paper aims to emphasize the pivotal role of an MRI Physicist and to raise awareness regarding the need to involve and employ Medical Physicists in the field of MRI in Uganda. Key points MRI Physicists are key in ensuring optimal MRI system performance, safety, and quality of patient care. Despite the growing need for MRI physicists, there is less involvement of MRI physicists in Uganda. There are no policies that encourage the involvement of MRI Physicists in MRI clinical practice. The high cost of quality control (QC) equipment is a barrier to employing MRI physicists. There is a need for refresher training and fellowships to enhance MRI physicists' proficiency.
Copyright (c) 2024 Alen Musisi, Ignatius Komakech, Rita Nassanga, Geoffrey Erem, Victoria Nakalanzi, Richard Malumba, Rebecca Nakatudde, Deogratius Ssekikubo, Ramadhan Kasango, Oliver Namuwonge, Moses Katumba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0